Based on the average observed choline intake in healthy population in the EU, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has published dietary reference values for choline in 2016.

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Diet, particularly vitamin deficiency, is associated with the risk of birth defects. The aim of this review paper is to show the characteristics of common and severe neural-tube defects together with congenital heart defects (CHD) as vitamin deficiencies play a role in their origin.

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